1. ESTILO DIRECTO E INDIRECTO
En el estilo directo, repetimos las palabras exactas del hablante al que nos referimos. Ej: He said, ‘ I have lost my umbrella’.
En el estilo indirecto, damos el significado exacto de lo que el hablante al que nos remitimos ha dicho previamente. No necesitamos relatar las palabras exactas. Ej: He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
“That” puede ser omitido después de “say” y “tell + obj”. Pero debe ser mantenido después de otros verbos, como “complain”, “explain”...
2. CAMBIOS EN LOS TIEMPOS VERBALES
| DIRECT | INDIRECT |
| - presente simple - presente continuo - presente perfecto - presente perfecto continuo - pasado simple - pasado continuo - futuro - futuro continuo - condicional - presente simple | - pasado simple - pasado continuo - pasado perfecto - pasado perfecto continuo - pasado perfecto - pasado perfecto continuo o pasado perfecto continuo - condicional - condicional continuo - condicional - presente simple |
DIRECT INDIRECT
-‘ I never eat meat’, he said -He explained that he never ate meat.
-‘ I’m waiting for Ann’ he said -He said he was waiting for Ann
-‘I’ve found a flat’ he said -He said he had found a flat
-He said, ‘I’ve been waiting for you -He said he had been waiting for me
-‘I took it home with me’, she said -She said she had taken it home with her
-She said, ‘We were thinking of selling -She said they had been thinking of selling the
the car. Car.
- He said, ‘I will be in Paris on Monday’ -He said he would be in Paris on Monday
- ‘I will be using the car myself on the -She said she would be using the car herself on
24th,¡ she said the 24th.
- I said, ‘I would/should like to see it’ - I said I would/should like to see it
3. CAMBIOS EN LOS PRONOMBRES Y EN LOS ADJETIVOS
a) Los pronombres y los adjetivos posesivos cambian normalmente de la primera o segunda persona a la tercera, excepto cuando el hablante está recordando sus propias palabras.
b) This y these
| DIRECT INDIRECT |
| COMO EXPRESIÓN TEMPORAL This that These those |
| COMO ADJETIVOS This the These the |
| COMO PRONOMBRES This it These they/them |
| PARA INDICAR ELECCIÓN This the one near him These the ones near him |
4. EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO Y LUGAR
DIRECT | INDIRECT |
| Here Today Yesterday The day before yesterday Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Next week/year, etc Last week/year, etc A year, etc ago | There That day The day before Two days before The next day/the following day In two days time The following week/year. Etc The previous week/year, etc A year before/ the previous year |
5. EL ESTILO INDIRECTO EN PREGUNTAS
a) siguen la estructura afirmativa
b) los cambios se realizan como en la afirmativa
c) no se utiliza “said” sino “ask”
d) si no hay partículas interrogativas, utilizamos “if” o “whether”; si sí hay una partícula interrogativa, entonces la utilizamos como conector.
Ej: ‘Do you know Bill?’, he said ______he asked if I knew Bill
She said, ‘What do you want?’___ she asked them what
they wanted
e) el auxiliar desaparece
f) los verbos especiales se acomodan a la estructura afirmativa
6. ORDENES, PETICIONES Y CONSEJOS
a) “said” se sustituye por cualquiera de los siguientes verbos. Advise, ask, beg, command, encourage, entreat, forbid, implore, invite, order, recommend, remind, request, tell, urge, warn.
b) Se construye una frase de infinitivo: ‘Go away!’____ she told me to go away.
c) Las órdenes negativas se construyen mediante una frase de infinitivo negativa: ‘Don’t swim there!’_____ he told me not to swim there.
7. SAY Y TELL Y OTROS VERBOS
Las estructuras que suelen seguir los dos verbos más utilizados, say y tell, son: tell + obj
Say
Say to + obj
Ejemplo: He said he’d just heard the news
He told us he’d just heard the news
Otros verbos son:
Add complain point our
Admit deny promise
Answer explain protest
Argue grumble remark
Assure + obj object remind + obj
Boast observe reply
MurmurØ
MutterØ
Shout Ù + that
StammerÚ
Whisper Ú
